1,21
gensyai tn katrou sullogismn: ka gr podeiknvn
ka rvtn sullogzetai labn ti kat tinow prxein
m prxein. ste stai sullogistik mn prtasiw plw
katfasiw pfasw tinow kat tinow tn erhmnon tr-
pon, podeiktik d, n lhyw ka di tn j rxw
[24b] poysevn elhmmnh, dialektik d punyanomn mn r-
thsiw ntifsevw, sullogizomn d lciw to fainomnou
2,750
t sxmati, ka kathgorikn ka sterhtikn ntvn,
pln kathgorikn mn tleiow, sterhtikn d telw. de
d t ndxesyai lambnein m n tow nagkaoiw, l-
l kat tn erhmnon diorismn. note d lanynei t
toioton.
En d' mn prxein d' ndxesyai lambnhtai
tn protsevn, tan mn prw t mezon kron ndxesyai
3,755
En d' mn prxein d' ndxesyai lambnhtai
tn protsevn, tan mn prw t mezon kron ndxesyai
shman, tleio t' sontai pntew o sullogismo ka to
ndxesyai kat tn erhmnon diorismn, tan d' prw t
latton, telew te pntew, ka o sterhtiko tn sullogi-
smn o to kat tn diorismn ndexomnou, ll to mhden
m pant j ngkhw prxein: e gr mhden m
4,3315
dlon ti ntistrfousin, nuprxei yteron yatr, t n
rx atetai. ka gr n ti t B t A prxei di'
kenvn deiknoi, e ntistrfoi (nn d toto kvlei, ll'
ox trpos). e d toto poio, t erhmnon n poio ka
ntistrfoi di trin. satvw d kn e t B t G
lambnoi prxein, movw dhlon n ka e t A, opv
t j rxw, ll' ok podeknusin. n d ta-
5,3924
mon. e d' otvw, ok n eh t plw ednai kalw ri-
smnon, ll dittn: ox plw tra pdeijiw, gino-
mnh g' k tn mn gnvrimvtrvn. sumbanei d tow lgousi
kkl tn pdeijin enai o mnon t nn erhmnon, ll'
odn llo lgein ti tot' stin e tot' stin: otv d pnta
=dion dejai. dlon d' ti toto sumbanei trin rvn te-
yntvn. t mn gr di polln di' lgvn nakmptein
6,4182
Ekaston d' pistmeya m kat sumbebhkw, tan
kat' keno ginskvmen kay' prxei, k tn rxn
tn kenou keno, oon t dusn ryaw saw xein,
prxei kay' at t erhmnon, k tn rxn tn totou.
st' e kay' at kkeno prxei prxei, ngkh
t mson n t at suggene& enai. e d m, ll' w
t rmonik di' riymhtikw. t d toiata deknutai
7,5935
tot' kolouye ka poa tot petai, oon tow krata
xousi t xein xnon, t m mfdont' enai: plin t
krat' xein tsin petai. dlon gr di t kenoiw pr-
jei t erhmnon: di gr t krat' xein prjei.
Eti d' llow trpow st kat t nlogon klgein.
n gr laben ok sti t at, de kalsai spion ka
kanyan ka ston: stai d' pmena ka totoiw sper
8,11987
to smatow nesiw, ll' nagkaon Ijonw tinow moran
katxein atn dion ka truton.
E d, kayper epo-
men, ndxetai tn erhmnon xein trpon per tw prthw
forw, o mnon ato per tw dithtow otvw polaben
mmelsteron, ll ka t mante& t per tn yen mnvw
n xoimen otvw mologoumnvw pofanesyai sumfnouw
9,12839
mnein.
Toto d lgetai komcw mn, ok lhyw d: kat
gr toton tn lgon nagkaon pan ti n tey p to
msou, mnein, ste ka t pr remsei: t gr erhmnon
ok din sti tw gw. All mn ok nagkaon. O gr m-
non fanetai mnousa p to msou, ll ka feromnh
prw t mson. Opou gr tion fretai mrion atw,
10,13329
mon), at d' stn diareton ew tera t edei: toioton gr
ti t stoixeon pantew ka n pasi bolontai lgein.
E
d t erhmnon st stoixeon, ngkh enai tta toiata
tn svmtvn. En mn gr sark ka jl ka kst tn
toiotvn nesti dunmei pr ka g: faner gr tata j
kenvn kkrinmena. En d pur srj jlon ok nupr-
11,17187
[2] ka ti f' n o pollo psxousin,
p totvn payew lvw rma.
poretai d' e t ndre oyn sti fobern, od' n fo-
bhyeh. oyn kvlei tn erhmnon trpon; gr ndrea ko-
loyhsiw t lg stn, d lgow t kaln aresyai keleei.
di ka m di toto pomnvn at, otow toi jsthken
yrasw: d di t kaln fobow ka ndreow mnow. mn
12,18850
cuxw row ristow, t kista asynesyai to lgou
mrouw tw cuxw, toioton.
tiw mn on row tw kalokgayaw, ka tw skopw
tn plw gayn, stv erhmnon:
[2]
[2].
HYIKVN NIKOMAXEIVN A
13,20121
teloumnou pw di totou stai kkeno di tnow, vw n
lyvsin p t prton ation, n t ersei sxatn
stin. gr bouleumenow oike zhten ka nalein tn
erhmnon trpon sper digramma (fanetai d' mn
zthsiw o psa enai boleusiw, oon a mayhmatika,
d boleusiw psa zthsis), ka t sxaton n t na-
lsei prton enai n t gensei. kn mn dunt n-
14,21900
tiw odn n edeh plon, oon poa de prosfresyai prw
t sma, e tiw epeien ti sa atrik keleei ka w
tathn xvn. di de ka per tw tw cuxw jeiw m
mnon lhyw enai tot' erhmnon, ll ka divrismnon
tw stin ryw lgow ka totou tw row.
Tw d tw cuxw retw dielmenoi tw mn enai
to youw famen tw d tw dianoaw. per mn on tn
15,22572
xoito ka prw tow yeow, sper Sturow filo-
ptvr pikalomenow per tn patra: lan gr dkei
mvranein): moxyhra mn on odema per tat' st di t
erhmnon, ti fsei tn aretn kastn sti di' at,
falai d ka feukta atn esn a perbola. movw
d' od' krasa: gr krasa o mnon feuktn ll
ka tn cektn stn: di' moithta d to pyouw prow-
16,22827
frnimow ll ka t praktikw: d' kratw o praktikw
tn d deinn odn kvlei krat enai: di ka dokosin
note frnimoi mn ena tinew kratew d, di t tn dei-
nthta diafrein tw fronsevw tn erhmnon trpon n tow
prtoiw lgoiw, ka kat mn tn lgon ggw enai, dia-
frein d kat tn proaresin od d w edw ka yev-
rn, ll' w kayedvn onvmnow. ka kn mn (tr-
17,25800
tw grw kstiw ka tw xrhsmhw nv koila, ka
tow spermatikow strai ka adoa ka masto: ew totouw
gr yrozetai ka surre. ka martria t sumbanonta
ti t erhmnon sprma stn: tata d sumbanei di t
tn fsin enai to perittmatow toiathn: te gr klu-
siw laxstou pelyntow totou ggnetai pdhlow, w steri-
skmena t smata to k tw trofw gignomnou tlouw. (l-
18,26989
dunmei ka p plw: stai gr oon nekrw nekro
mrion. e on t rren st t tw toiathw poihtikn cu-
xw, pou kexristai t ylu ka t rren dnaton t
ylu at j ato gennn zon: t gr erhmnon n t
rren enai: pe ti g' xei lgon lexyesa pora
fanern p tn rnyvn tn t phnmia tiktntvn ti
dnatai mxri g tinow t ylu gennn. ti d' xei ka
19,27829
ajhsin. e d' sti ti di' o prospfuke, toto po trpetai
televyntow; o gr sunejrxetai kayper mfalw tow
zoiw: ggnetai gr t prij strakon televyntow. t mn
on erhmnon ryw zhtetai: lanynei d' ti t gignmenon
strakon t prton malakw mn stin, televyntow d
ggnetai sklhrn ka kraron, otv summtrvw st' jrxe-
tai mn ti malakn (pnon gr n parexe tiktmenon),
20,27849
H d' jodow tonanton ggnetai tow ow
tow zotokoumnoiw: tow mn gr p kefaln ka tn
rxn, t d' ggnetai jodow oon p pdaw. totou d'
ation t erhmnon ti prospfuke kat tn rxn.
H d
gnesiw k to o sumbanei tow rnisin pazoshw ka
sumpettoshw tw rniyow, pokrinomnou mn to zou k m-
21,28537
touw e par tn rxn. krukew d ka porfrai ka t
legmena khrizein oon p spermatikw fsevw proentai
mujdeiw grthtaw. sprma d' oyn totvn de nomzein
ll kat tn erhmnon trpon metxein tw moithtow
tow futow: di ka ggnetai plyow tn toiotvn tan paj
gnhta ti. pnta mn gr tata ka atmata sumba-
nei ggnesyai, kat lgon d ka parjntvn sunstasyai
22,29369
menon mblvy mblseiw d ggnontai polla tn kuh-
mtvn.
Diafrousi d' a mn parafseiw tw polutokaw
tn erhmnon trpon, t d trata totvn t t poll atn
enai smfusin. nia d ka toton tn trpon, n p
meiznvn gnvntai ka kurivtrvn morvn, oon nia xei do
splnaw ka pleouw nefrow. ti d metastseiw tn morvn
23,29538
di tn syneian tax sunptei prw tn kmn ka t
graw: pnta gr t lttv prw t tlow rxetai yt-
ton sper ka n tow kat txnhn rgoiw ka n tow p
fsevw sunistamnoiw. di t erhmnon d' ation ka n
tow nyrpoiw t didumotokomena ylu ka rren tton
szetai, n d tow lloiw oyn tton: tow mn gr par
fsin t sodromen, ok n soiw xrnoiw gignomnhw tw dia-
24,30355
kean.
Eti d' a glttai diafrousi tn pln te ka
poiklvn ka tn pln mn diaferntvn d, oon leukn
ka melnvn. ation d t erhmnon prteron, ti t dr-
mata poikla tn poiklvn, ka tn leukotrxvn ka tn
melanotrxvn tn mn leuk tn d mlana. tn d glt-
tan de polaben sper n mrion tn jvterikn enai,
25,30948
shw gensevw oshw fyorw llou, ka pshw fyorw oshw
trou tinw gensevw, ox movw poddomen t gnesyai ka
t fyeresyai tow ew llhla metabllousin: t d' steron
erhmnon o toto diapore, ll t pote t manynon mn o
lgetai plw gnesyai ll gnesyai pistmon, t d
fumenon gnesyai. Tata d diristai taw kathgoraiw:
t mn gr tde ti shmanei, t d toinde, t d posn.
26,32074
Estai
d mixyntvn tll' k tn nantvn tn stoixevn, ka
t stoixea j kenvn dunmei pvw ntvn, ox otv d w
lh, ll tn erhmnon trpon: ka stin otv mn mjiw,
kenvw d lh t ginmenon. Epe d ka psxei tnanta
kat tn n tow prtoiw diorismn: sti gr t
nerge& yermn dunmei cuxrn ka t nerge& cuxrn
27,33159
TVN PERI TA ZVIA ISTORIVN B
Tn d' llvn zvn t mria t mn koin pntvn
stn, sper erhtai prteron, t d genn tinvn. Tat d
ka ter stin lllvn tn dh pollkiw erhmnon tr-
pon. Sxedn gr sa g' st gnei tera tn zvn, ka t
plesta tn mern xei tera t edei, ka t mn kat'
nalogan difora mnon, t gnei d' tera, t d t
28,36301
selaxvdn xyvn o rrenew tn yhlein t tow mn xein
pokremmena tta do per tn jodon tw perittsevw,
tw d yhleaw tata m xein, oon n tow galedesin:
p gr totvn prxei pntvn t erhmnon. Orxeiw mn on
ot' xyew ot' llo tn pdvn xei odn, prouw d do
ka o feiw ka o xyew o rrenew xousin, o gnontai
yoro plreiw per tn tw xeaw ran, ka proentai gr-
29,36341
pohsin.
H d' lhyin snodow tn otkvn xyvn ligkiw
rtai di t taxvw polesyai parapesntaw, pe
ptai xea ka p totvn ginomnh tn erhmnon
trpon.
T d malkia, oon polpodew ka shpai ka teu-
ydew, tn atn trpon pnta plhsizousin llloiw: kat
30,37292
zousin. Otan d teleivy, kbllontai, sper o rxnai,
ka plluntai p tn tknvn: pollkiw gr gnontai
per ndeka tn riymn.
T d' rxnia xeetai mn pnta tn erhmnon tr-
pon, genn d skvlkia mikr prton: la gr meta-
bllonta gnetai rxnia, ka ok k mrouw, pe strog-
gla st kat' rxw: tan d tk, pċzei te ka n
31,38030
t d' pisyen =nhw, w ginmenow j mfotrvn totvn. O
mn on galeo ka o galeoeidew, oon lphj ka kvn,
ka o platew xyew, nrkh ka btow ka leibatow
ka trugn, tn erhmnon trpon zotokosin oto-
ksantew.
Delfw d ka flaina ka t lla kth, sa m
xei brgxia ll fushtra, zotokosin, ti d prstiw
32,43517
mhyn poien mthn, ll pnta prw t riston pobl-
pousan kst
dan | osan ka t t n at enai: ti d ka t prteron mn
erhmnon, t tn namvn mhyn on t' enai pleosi kine-
syai shmeoiw tttarsin. k totvn gr fanern ti tn
namvn sa kat t mkow smmetr sti prw tn l-
lhn to smatow fsin, kayper o feiw, oyn atn on
33,43750
tat' n t mrei t mprosyen to smatow, ngkh km-
ptein p tn perifreian di tn atn atan nper ka
o nyrvpoi: kat gr toto movw xousi. diper ka t
tetrpoda kmptousin ew t prsyen tn erhmnon trpon.
ka gr otvw mn atn tw kmcevw ginomnhw p pol
dunsontai tow pdaw metevrzein: nantvw d kmptontew
mikrn p tw gw n atow meterizon di t tn te
34,44737
enai. ka gr ath ggnetai ntfasiw t pomn t o duna-
t enai: ken gr kolouye t dnaton enai ka nag-
kaon m enai, o pfasiw t ok nagkaon m enai. ko-
louyosin ra ka atai a ntifseiw kat tn erhmnon
trpon, ka odn dnaton sumbanei tiyemnvn otvw.
Aporseie d' n tiw e t nagkaon enai t dunatn
enai petai. e te gr m petai, ntfasiw kolouysei, t
35,51846
prxein dnaton t at ka kat t at (ka sa
lla prosdiorisamey' n, stv prosdivrismna prw tw
logikw dusxereas): ath d pasn st bebaiotth tn
rxn: xei gr tn erhmnon diorismn. dnaton gr
ntinon tatn polambnein enai ka m enai, kayper
tinw oontai lgein Hrkleiton. ok sti gr nagkaon,
tiw lgei, tata ka polambnein: e d m ndxe-
36,52965
dianohtn t llo prw at lgesyai prw ti lgontai.
t te gr dianohtn shmanei ti stin ato dinoia, ok
sti d' dinoia prw toto o st dinoia (dw gr tatn
erhmnon n eh), movw d ka tinw stin ciw ciw, ox
o stn ciw (katoi g' lhyw toto epen) ll prw
xrma prw llo ti toioton. kenvw d dw t at
lexysetai, ti stn o stn ciw. t mn on kay'
37,53632
kolon: e d m, di t dnaton enai epen t simn
neu to prgmatow o st pyow kay' at (sti gr t si-
mn koilthw n =in), t =na simn epen ok stin dw
t at stai erhmnon, =w =w kolh ( gr =w sim =w
=w kolh stai), di topon t prxein tow toiotoiw t t
n enai: e d m, ew peiron esin: =in gr =in sim ti
llo nstai. dlon tonun ti mnhw tw osaw stn
38,54277
nw ra lgow: ll' n tn kay' kasta liow, sper
Klvn Svkrthw: pe di t odew ron kfrei atn
daw; gnoito gr n dlon peirvmnvn ti lhyw t
nn erhmnon.
Fanern d ti ka tn dokousn enai osin a ple-
stai dunmeiw es, t te mria tn zvn (oyn gr ke-
xvrismnon atn stn: tan d xvrisy, ka tte nta
39,54320
ata tiw stn, nteyen metiton. zhtetai d t di t
e otvw, di t llo ll tin prxei. t gr zh-
ten di t mousikw nyrvpow mousikw nyrvpw stin,
toi st t erhmnon zhten, di t nyrvpow mousikw
stin, llo. t mn on di t at stin at, odn sti
zhten (de gr t ti ka t enai prxein dla nta
lgv d' oon ti selnh klepei , at d ti at,
40,54774
kinomena d o, toto d ti ok nta nerge& sontai ner-
ge&. tn gr m ntvn nia dunmei stn: ok sti d,
ti ok ntelexe& stn.
E d sti t erhmnon t dunatn kolouye, fanern
ti ok ndxetai lhyw enai t epen ti dunatn mn
tod, ok stai d, ste t dnata enai tat diafe-
gein: lgv d oon e tiw fah dunatn tn dimetron
41,55752
kay' na lgetai trpon: e mn on mvnmvw kat d
koinn mhdn, ok stin p man pistmhn (o gr n gnow
tn toiotvn), e d kat ti koinn, eh n p man pist-
mhn. oike d tn erhmnon lgesyai trpon kayper t
te atrikn ka gieinn: ka gr totvn kteron polla-
xw lgomen. lgetai d toton tn trpon kaston t t
mn prw tn atrikn pistmhn ngesya pvw t d prw
42,64461
sti kat trpon t dnasyai krnai estxvw t kalw
m kalw poddvsin lgvn. Toioton gr d tina ka tn
lvw pepaideumnon omey' enai, ka t pepaidesyai t
dnasyai poien t erhmnon. Pln toton mn per pntvn
w epen kritikn tina nomzomen enai na tn riymn n-
ta, tn d per tinow fsevw fvrismnhw: eh gr n tiw
terow tn atn trpon t erhmn diakemenow per m-
43,64660
sprma. Esti gr t sprma dixw, j o te ka o: ka
gr f' o plye, totou sprma, oon ppou, ka to-
tou stai j ato, oon rvw, trpon d' o tn atn,
ll' katrou tn erhmnon. Eti d dunmei t sprma:
dnamiw d' w xei prw ntelxeian, smen.
Esn ra d'
atai atai, t y' o neka ka t j ngkhw: poll
44,65014
laben. Diper j stn ka nervn ka sarkw ka tn
llvn tn toiotvn sunestkasi t rganik tn morvn,
ll' ok kena k totvn. Vw mn on nek tinow di tathn
tn atan xei per totvn tn erhmnon trpon: pe d
zhtetai ka pw nagkaon xein otvw, fanern ti pro-
uprxen otv prw llhla xonta j ngkhw. T mn
gr nomoiomer k tn moiomern ndxetai sunestnai,
45,66759
cuxrotran. Dirhtai gr tn nantvn kaston prw tn
suggen sustoixan, oon dejin nanton rister ka
yermn nanton cuxr: ka sstoixa gr llloiw es tn
erhmnon trpon.
O d nefro tow xousin ok j ngkhw, ll to e
ka kalw neken prxousin: tw gr perittsevw xrin
tw ew tn kstin yroizomnhw es kat tn dan
46,68949
sin (o mn gr yermn ka cuxrn, o d' grn ka jhrn,
teroi d perittn ka rtion nekow ka filan a-
taw tyentai tw gensevw: tata d' lllvn diafrei
kat tn erhmnon trpon), ste tat lgein pvw ka tera
lllvn, tera mn sper ka doke tow plestoiw, tat
d nlogon: lambnousi gr k tw atw sustoixaw:
t mn gr perixei, t d perixetai tn nantvn. tat
47,71085
atn knhsiw, ste pollo xrnoi ma. d to lou
sfara doje mn tow eposin enai xrnow, ti n te
t xrn pnta stn ka n t to lou sfar&: stin d'
ehyikteron t erhmnon ste per ato t dnata
piskopen. pe d doke mlista knhsiw enai ka meta-
bol tiw xrnow, tot' n eh skepton. mn on kstou
metabol ka knhsiw n at t metabllonti mnon
48,71195
t d nn di t kinesyai t fermenon ae teron. sy'
xrnow riymw ox w tw atw stigmw, ti rx ka
teleut, ll' w t sxata tw grammw mllon ka ox
w t mrh, di te t erhmnon (t gr ms stigm w
dus xrsetai, ste remen sumbsetai), ka ti fanern
ti odn mrion t nn to xrnou, od' diaresiw tw kin-
sevw, sper od' stigm tw grammw: a d gramma
49,71907
fyor fyor nanta, ll' mn toiad d toiad
atn stin.
lvw mn on nantai kinseiw ka remai tn
erhmnon trpon esn, oon nv t ktv: tpou gr nan-
tiseiw atai. fretai d tn mn nv forn fsei t
pr, tn d ktv g: ka nantai g' atn a fora. t
d pr nv mn fsei, ktv d par fsin: ka nanta
50,71958
gr t sxaton ka o sxaton). ti d' ngkh toi sune-
xew enai tw stigmw ptomnaw lllvn, j n sti
t sunexw: d' atw lgow ka p pntvn tn diair-
tvn. sunexew mn d ok n een di tn erhmnon lgon:
ptetai d' pan lon lou mrow mrouw lou mrow.
pe d' merw t diareton, ngkh lon lou ptesyai.
lon d' lou ptmenon ok stai sunexw. t gr sunexw
51,72584
ton B p tow nantoiw sxtoiw, [son xrnon par' kaston
gignmenon tn B son per tn A, w fhsin,] di t m-
ftera son xrnon par t A ggnesyai. mn on l-
gow otw stin, sumbanei d par t erhmnon cedow.
od d kat tn n t ntifsei metaboln oyn mn
stai dnaton, oon e k to m leuko ew t leukn meta-
bllei ka n mhdetr stn, w ra ote leukn stai ote
52,74275
gr n t kinon, ll' xmena lllvn. di n ri
ka dati ggnetai toiath knhsiw, n lgous tinew nti-
perstasin enai. dnaton d llvw t porhynta lein, e
m tn erhmnon trpon. d' ntiperstasiw ma pnta ki-
nesyai poie ka kinen, ste ka paesyai: nn d faneta
ti n kinomenon sunexw: p tnow on; o gr p to ato.
pe d' n tow osin ngkh knhsin enai sunex, ath d
53,76613
d sfin ry' p saurvtros": otv gr tt' nmizon,
sper ka nn Illurio. per d to kalw m kalw
e erhta tini ppraktai, o mnon skepton ew at t
pepragmnon erhmnon blponta e spoudaon fa-
lon, ll ka ew tn prttonta lgonta prw n
te t o neken, oon e mezonow gayo, na g-
nhtai, mezonow kako, na pognhtai. t d prw tn
54,77394
men d prw tnagkaa xrsimon enai tn dolon, ste d-
lon ti ka retw detai mikrw, ka tosathw pvw mte
di' kolasan mte di deilan llec tn rgvn. por-
seie d' n tiw, t nn erhmnon e lhyw, ra ka tow
texntaw desei xein retn: pollkiw gr di' kolasan
llepousi tn rgvn. diafrei toto pleston; mn gr
dolow koinvnw zvw, d porrteron, ka tosoton pi-
55,77781
t mn
on perittn xousi pntew o to Svkrtouw lgoi ka t
komcn ka t kainotmon ka t zhthtikn, kalw d
pnta svw xalepn, pe ka t nn erhmnon plyow de
m lanynein ti xraw desei tow tosotoiw Babulvnaw
tinow llhw perntou t plyow, j w rgo pentakiw-
xlioi yrcontai, ka per totouw gunaikn ka yerapn-
56,79641
ll mn od =dion forn poll tn na: desei
ra pleonaw enai tow p' ato kayistamnouw rxontaw,
ste t diafrei toto j rxw eyw prxein tn na
katastsai toton tn trpon; ti, ka prteron erhmnon
stn, eper nr spoudaow, diti beltvn, rxein d-
kaiow, to ge nw o do gayo beltouw: toto gr sti t
"sn te d' rxomnv" ka ex to Agammnonow "toi-
57,80551
t d politeaw atw.
dirhtai mn on t bouleumenon
prw tw politeaw toton tn trpon, ka dioike ksth
politea kat tn erhmnon diorismn: sumfrei d dhmo-
krat& [te] t mlist' enai dokos dhmokrat& nn (lgv
d toiathn n kriow dmow ka tn nmvn stn) prw
t bouleesyai bltion t at poien per p tn dika-
58,80860
stasizousin st krdow ka tim ka tnanta totoiw. ka
gr timan fegontew ka zhman, pr atn tn
flvn, stasizousin n taw plesin. a d' atai ka r-
xa tn kinsevn, yen ato te diatyentai tn erhmnon
trpon ka per tn lexyntvn, sti mn w tn riymn
pt tugxnousin osai, sti d' w pleouw. n do mn sti
tat tow erhmnoiw, ll' ox satvw: di krdow gr
59,81254
ristokrata ew dmon (w dikomenoi gr perispsin ew
tonanton o porteroi), a d politeai ew ligarxan
(mnon gr mnimon t kat' jan son ka t xein t
atn): sunbh d t erhmnon n Youroiw. di mn gr
t p pleonow timmatow enai tw rxw ew latton
metbh ka ew rxea plev, di d t tn xran lhn
tow gnvrmouw sugktsasyai par tn nmon ( gr poli-
60,81449
lontew atow, otv ka prw t koinn oyn kvlei xein
nouw; plw d, sa n tow nmoiw w sumfronta l-
gomen taw politeaiw, panta tata szei tw politeaw,
ka t pollkiw erhmnon mgiston stoixeon, t thren
pvw kretton stai t boulmenon tn politean plyow to
m boulomnou. par pnta d tata de m lanynein,
nn lanynei tw parekbebhkuaw politeaw, t mson:
61,82423
rw dnaton enai plin, tn d prw etajan ka k-
smon dnaton okesyai kalw. ti d' nagkaon n mn
taw mikraw lttouw enai tw rxw, n d taw meg-
laiw pleouw, sper tugxnei prteron erhmnon: poaw
on rmttei sungein ka poaw xvrzein, de m lany-
nein. prth mn on pimleia tn nagkavn per tn
gorn, f' de tina rxn enai tn forsan per te
62,93484
t kay' kaston prw t kaylou de, oon e tiw epeien
shmeon enai ti o sofo dkaioi, Svkrthw gr sofw
n ka dkaiow. toto mn on shmeon, lutn d, kn
lhyw t erhmnon (sullgiston gr), t d, oon e
tiw epeien shmeon ti nose, purttei gr, ttoken, ti
gla xei, nagkaon. per tn shmevn tekmrion mnon
stn: mnon gr, n lhyw , lutn stin. t d w t
63,93577
sumparalambnousi prw tata: tow d' painosin ka
cgousin t kaln ka t asxrn, t d' lla ka otoi
prw tata panafrousin.
shmeon d' ti t erhmnon
kstoiw tlow: per mn gr tn llvn note ok n
mfisbhtsaien, oon dikazmenow w o ggonen
ok blacen: ti d' dike odpot' n mologseien:
64,94784
ste kn daktlion xvn prhtai tn xera patj,
kat mn tn gegrammnon nmon noxw sti ka dike,
kat d t lhyw ok dike, ka t pieikw tot stin.
e d st t erhmnon t pieikw, fanern po sti t
pieik ka ok pieik, ka pooi ok pieikew nyrvpoi:
f' ow te gr de suggnmhn xein, pieik tata, ka t t
martmata ka t dikmata m to sou jion, mhd t
65,95067
do xoimen totvn, panta d m, dnaton n eh tn
rgn mpoien: movw d ka p tn llvn. sper on
ka p tn proeirhmnvn diegrcamen tw protseiw, otv
ka per totvn poisvmen ka dilvmen tn erhmnon
trpon.
Estv d rg rejiw met lphw timvraw [fainomnhs]
di fainomnhn ligvran ew atn
66,95865
mn gr lpw to mllontw stin d mnmh to paroixo-
mnou, tow d noiw t mn mllon pol t d parelhluyw
brax: t gr prt mr& memnsyai mn odn on te,
lpzein d pnta. ka eejapthto esi di t erhmnon
(lpzousi gr =&dvs), ka ndreiteroi (yumdeiw gr ka
elpidew, n t mn m fobesyai t d yarren poie: ote
gr rgizmenow odew fobetai, t te lpzein gayn ti
67,96228
xrhmtvn gr dolw stin txhw.
e d stin gnmh t erhmnon, ngkh tttara edh enai
gnmhw: gr met' pilgou stai neu pilgou. po-
dejevw mn on demena esin sai pardojn ti lgousin
mfisbhtomenon: sai d mhdn pardojon, neu pilgou.
68,97032
metaforn, n te cgein, p tn xeirnvn: lgv d' oon,
pe t nanta n t at gnei, t fnai tn mn ptv-
xeonta exesyai tn d exmenon ptvxeein, ti mfv a-
tseiw, t erhmnon st poien, w ka Ifikrthw Kallan
mhtragrthn ll' o d&doxon, d fh mhton atn
enai: o gr n mhtragrthn atn kalen, ll d&doxon:
mfv gr per yen, ll t mn tmion t d timon.
69,97421
jein teleutsantaw katalecein." ka ew Peiylan
tiw epen ka Lukfrona n t dikasthr, "otoi d'
mw okoi mn ntew ploun, lyntew d' w mw -
nhntai". panta gr tata poie t erhmnon. dea d
stn toiath ljiw, ti tnanta gnvrimtata ka par'
llhla mllon gnrima, ka ti oiken sullogism: gr
legxow sunagvg tn ntikeimnvn stn.
70,97643
ka a paroimai d metafora p' edouw p' edow esn:
oon n tiw w gayn peismenow atw pagghtai, eta
blab, "w Karpyis", fasin, "tn lag": mfv gr t
erhmnon pepnyasin. yen mn on t stea lgetai ka diti,
sxedn erhtai t ation: esn d ka edokimosai
perbola metafora, oon ew pvpiasmnon "Ӯyhte d' n
atn enai sukamnvn klayon": ruyrn gr ti t ppion,
71,98034
e d m, poiseiw per nioi poiosi tn filosofontvn,
o sullogzontai t gnvrimtera ka pisttera j n
lgousin. ka tan pyow poiw, m lge nymhma (
gr kkrosei t pyow mthn erhmnon stai t n-
ymhma: kkroousi gr a kinseiw lllaw a ma, ka
fanzousin syenew poiooin), od' tan yikn tn
lgon, o de nymhm ti zhten ma: o gr xei ote
72,98360
fasn mologhknai di t sumbebhknai o fhsen te-
ron enai, toton enai nyrvpon.
O d par t plw tde p lgesyai ka m
kurvw, tan t n mrei legmenon w plw erhmnon
lhfy, oon, e t m n sti dojastn, ti t m n stin:
o gr tat t ena t ti ka enai plw. plin ti t
n ok stin n, e tn ntvn ti m stin, oon e m nyrv-
73,98870
pen, diplsion d ka diplsion mseow tat: e ra st
diplsion mseow diplsion, stai mseow mseow diplsion.
ka plin n nt to "diplsion" "diplsion mseos" tey,
trw stai erhmnon, mseow mseow mseow diplsion. ka
r stin piyuma dow; toto d' stn rejiw dow: stin
ra piyuma rejiw dow dow.
Es d pntew o toiotoi tn lgvn n te tow prw
74,99111
bol, lekton ti ox w dyh od' w proteine lamb-
nei: ka gr par toto gnetai pollkiw legxow.
Ejeirgmenon d totvn p t m kalw dedexyai
poreuton, pantnta kat tn erhmnon diorismn.
En mn on tow kurvw legomnoiw nmasin ngkh
pokrnesyai plw diairomenon. d sunuponoontew
tyemen, oon sa m safw ll kolobw rvttai,
75,100415
ka t geesyai sper sm, e n gr men ka porrv-
trvyen prn yigen ato syanmeya. elgvw d n sti
metaj to asyhthrou, ox ma pnta psxei, pln p
to fvtw di t erhmnon, di t at d ka p to
rn: t gr fw poie t rn.
Esti d' pora ka llh tiw toide per tw asyseiw, p-
teron ndxetai duen ma asynesyai n t at ka
76,101650
zou, ka per gayo pantw, rjmenon p to t stin.
parashmanesyai d ka tw kstvn djaw, oon ti Em-
pedoklw tttara fhse tn svmtvn stoixea enai: yeh
gr n tiw t p tinow erhmnon ndjou.
Esti d' w tp perilaben tn protsevn ka tn
problhmtvn mrh tra: a mn gr yika protseiw e-
sn, a d fusika, a d logika. yika mn on a toi-
77,102716
pasi gr movw t ndojon.
Eti k to mllon ka tton ka movw. e gr ml-
lon mn tn j llou gnouw ti toioto, kenvn d mhdn stin,
od' n t erhmnon eh toioton: oon e mllon mn pistmh
tiw gayn don, mhdema d' pistmh gayn, od' n
don eh. ka k to movw d ka tton satvw: stai
gr ka nairen ka kataskeuzein, pln k mn to movw
78,102867
ata t p plon t gnow t edow ka tn diaforn
lgesyai: p' latton gr ka diafor to gnouw lgetai.
Orn d ka e tinow tn diafrvn edei m sti t
erhmnon gnow m djai n, kataskeuzonti d, e sti
tinw. tatn gr pntvn tn diafrvn edei gnow: n on
nw deixy, dlon ti pntvn, kn nw m, dlon ti ode-
nw. oon e tiw tmouw tiymenow grammw t diareton g-
79,102872
nw deixy, dlon ti pntvn, kn nw m, dlon ti ode-
nw. oon e tiw tmouw tiymenow grammw t diareton g-
now atn fseien enai: tn gr diaresin xousn gram-
mn ok sti t erhmnon gnow, diafrvn osn kat t
edow: diforoi gr lllaiw kat t edow a eyeai
gramma psai.
Skopen d ka e ti llo gnow st to podoyntow
80,102984
tai: oon cuxw ote t perittn ote t rtion kathgore-
tai, st' od' riymw. ti e prteron fsei t edow ka
sunanaire t gnow: doke gr t nanton. ti e ndxe-
tai polipen t erhmnon gnow tn diaforn, oon cuxn
t kinesyai djan t lhyw ka cedow, ok n eh tn
erhmnvn odteron gnow od diafor: doke gr t gnow
ka diafor parakolouyen, vw n t edow.
81,103000
mon gr t gnow ka t edow.
Epe d pantw gnouw edh plev, skopen e m n-
dxetai teron edow enai to erhmnou gnouw: e gr m
sti, dlon ti ok n eh lvw gnow t erhmnon.
Skopen d ka e t metafor legmenon w gnow
poddvken, oon tn svfrosnhn sumfvnan: pn gr g-
now kurvw kat tn edn kathgoretai, d sumfvna
82,103388
pe d doke,
mn t sti, ka mousik pistmh tiw enai, ka e t badzon
t badzein kinetai, bdisiw knhsw tiw enai, skopen,
n n gnei bol ti kataskeusai, tn erhmnon tr-
pon, oon e tn pistmhn per pstin, e pistmenow
pstatai pisteei: dlon gr ti pistmh pstiw n tiw
eh. tn atn d trpon ka p tn llvn tn toiotvn.
83,103405
to ginomnou: plw gr ok sti to m ntow edh.
Per mn on to gnouw kayper erhtai metiton.
TOPIKVN E
Pteron d' dion ok din sti t erhmnon, di tnde
skepton.
Apoddotai [d] t dion kay' at ka e, prw
teron ka pot, oon kay' at mn nyrpou t zon me-
84,103607
mhw dion.
Epeit' naskeuzonta mn e m t e parepmenon
dion poddvken, ll toto gneta pote m dion: o
gr stai kalw erhmnon t dion. ote gr f' kata-
lambnomen prxon at, kat totou ka tonoma j
ngkhw lhyeetai, ot' f' katalambnetai m prxon,
kat totou j ngkhw o =hysetai tonoma,
85,104221
sm perergon. plin d' kteron tn erhmnvn ew plev
mrh dielhptai.
Ew mn on tpow to safw, e mnumn st tini
t erhmnon, oon ti gnesiw gvg ew osan ka ti
geia summetra yermn ka cuxrn: mnumow gr
gvg ka summetra. dhlon on pteron boletai l-
gein tn dhloumnvn p to pleonaxw legomnou. movw
86,104280
perergon o faireyntow t loipn dlon poie t riz-
menon. toiotow d ka tw cuxw row, eper "riymw atw
atn kinn" stin: ka gr t at at kinon cux, kay-
per Pltvn ristai. dion mn sti t erhmnon, o dh-
lo d tn osan faireyntow to riymo. potrvw mn on
xei, xalepn diasafsai: xrhston d' p pntvn tn
toiotvn prw t sumfron: oon ti to flgmatow row
87,104722
lhsin rejin gayo. movw d ka e tn grammatikn
rsato pistmhn grammtvn: dei gr prw at
lgetai, prw t gnow, n t rism poddo-
syai. e prw ti erhmnon m prw t tlow po-
ddotai: tlow d' n kst t bltiston o xrin tlla.
=hton d t bltiston t sxaton, oon tn piyuman ox
dow ll' donw: tathw gr xrin ka t d aromeya.
88,104755
nomnou gayo dow. pollkiw gr lanynei tow rego-
mnouw ti gayn d stin, st' ok nagkaon gayn
d enai ll fainmenon mnon. dei on otv ka tn
pdosin poisasyai. n d ka prosapod t erhmnon, p
t edh kton tn tiymenon daw enai. o gr stin da
fainomnou odenw, t d' edow prw t edow doke lge-
syai, oon at piyuma ato dow ka at bolhsiw
89,104979
osnhn svfrosnhn ka ndrean rsato: do gr ntvn
n kterow yteron x, mfteroi dkaioi sontai ka
odterow, pe mfteroi mn xousi dikaiosnhn, k-
terow d' ok xei. e d mpv t erhmnon sfdra topon
di t ka p' llvn sumbanein t toioton (odn gr kv-
lei mfotrouw xein mnn mhdetrou xontos), ll' on t
ge tnanta prxein atow pantelw topon n djeien
90,104988
dikaiosnhn ka dikan jousin: e gr dikaiosnh svfro-
snh ka ndrea stn, dika deila ka kolasa stai.
lvw te sa stin pixeiren ti o tatn sti t mrh ka
t lon, pnta xrsima prw t nn erhmnon: oike gr
otvw rizmenow t mrh t l tat fskein enai.
mlista d' okeoi gnontai o lgoi f' svn katdhlw
stin tn mern snyesiw, kayper p' okaw ka tn l-
91,105047
mhdamw tde met tode. oon e lgetai teron mey' t-
rou w n tini tat dektik, kayper dikaiosnh ka
ndrea n cux, n tp t at n xrn t at,
mhdamw d' lhyw t erhmnon p totvn, dlon ti ode-
nw n eh podoyew rismw, peid odamw tde met
tod stin. e d tn diaireyntvn lhyw t n tat xrn
kteron prxein, skopen e ndxetai m prw tatn
92,105104
ok es pleouw to ato rismo.
Prw pantaw d tow rismow ok lxiston stoixeon
t prw autn estxvw rsasyai t prokemenon kalw
erhmnon ron nalaben: ngkh gr sper prw par-
deigma yemenon t t' llepon n prosken xein tn
rismn ka t proskemenon perirgvw kayorn ste ml-
lon pixeirhmtvn eporen.
93,105225
tpoi xrsimoi. skepton gr p tn nantvn ka tn
llvn tn ntikeimnvn, ka louw tow lgouw ka kat
mrow piskoponta: e gr ntikemenow to ntikeimnou,
ka tn erhmnon to prokeimnou ngkh enai. pe d tn
nantvn pleouw sumploka, lhpton tn nantvn poou
n mlista fanerw nantow rismw. louw mn on tow l-
gouw kayper erhtai skepton, kat mrow d' de. prton mn