Aristotelis Opera selecta
De Anima
PERI CUXHS G
Oti d' ok stin asyhsiw tra par tw pnte (lgv
d tataw cin, kon, sfrhsin, gesin, fn), k tnde
pisteseien n tiw. e gr pantw o stn asyhsiw f ka
nn asyhsin xomen (pnta gr t to pto ptn pyh
t f mn asyht stin), ngkh t', eper klepei tiw
asyhsiw, ka asyhtrin ti mn klepein, ka svn mn
atn ptmenoi asyanmeya, t f asyht stin, n
tugxnomen xontew, sa d di tn metaj ka m a-
tn ptmenoi, tow plow, lgv d' oon ri ka dati,
xei d' otvw st' e mn di' nw plev asyht tera nta
lllvn t gnei, ngkh tn xonta t toioton asyht-
rion mfon asyhtikn enai (oon e j row st t asyh-
trion, ka stin r ka cfou ka xras), e d plev
to ato, oon xraw ka r ka dvr (mfv gr dia-
fan), ka t teron atn xvn mnon asysetai to di'
mfon, tn d pln k do totvn asyhtria mnon stn,
j row ka datow ( mn gr krh datow, d' ko
row, d' sfrhsiw yatrou totvn), t d pr oyenw
koinn pntvn (oyn gr neu yermthtow asyhtikn), g d
oyenw, n t f mlista mmiktai dvw, di lepoit'
n mhyn enai asyhtrion jv datow ka row, tata d
ka nn xousin nia za psai ra a asyseiw xontai
p tn m teln mhd pephrvmnvn (fanetai gr ka
splaj p t drma xousa fyalmos): st' e m ti
teron sti sma, ka pyow mhyenw sti tn ntaya
svmtvn, odema n klepoi asyhsiw.
ll mn od tn koinn on t' enai asyhtrin ti dion,
n kst asysei asyanmeya kat sumbebhkw, oon
kinsevw, stsevw, sxmatow, megyouw, riymo: tata
gr pnta [kinsei] asyanmeya, oon mgeyow kinsei (ste ka
sxma: mgeyow gr ti t sxma), t d' remon t m ki-
nesyai, d' riymw t pofsei to sunexow, ka tow doiw
(ksth gr n asynetai asyhsis): ste dlon ti dnaton
touon dan asyhsin enai totvn, oon kinsevw: otv
gr stai sper nn t cei t gluk asyanmeya: toto
d' ti mfon xontew tugxnomen asyhsin, tan sum-
psvsin ma gnvrzomen. e d m, odamw n ll' kat
sumbebhkw syanmeya (oon tn Klvnow un ox ti
Klvnow uw, ll' ti leukw, tot d sumbbhken u
Klvnow enai): tn d koinn dh xomen asyhsin koinn,
o kat sumbebhkw: ok r' stn da: odamw gr n
syanmeya ll' otvw sper erhtai [tn Klvnow un
mw rn]. t d' lllvn dia kat sumbebhkw asy-
nontai a asyseiw, ox ata, ll' ma, tan
ma gnhtai asyhsiw p to ato, oon xolw ti pikr
ka jany (o gr d traw ge t epen ti mfv n):
di ka pattai, ka n janyn, xoln oetai enai.
zhtseie d' n tiw tnow neka pleouw xomen asyseiw,
ll' o man mnhn. pvw tton lanyn t kolouyonta
ka koin, oon knhsiw ka mgeyow ka riymw; e gr
n ciw mnh, ka ath leuko, lnyanen n mllon
kn dkei tatn enai pnta di t kolouyen llloiw
ma xrma ka mgeyow. nn d' pe ka n tr a-
syht t koin prxei, dlon poie ti llo ti kaston
atn.
Epe d' asyanmeya ti rmen ka koomen, ngkh
t cei asynesyai ti r, tr&. ll' at stai
tw cevw ka to pokeimnou xrmatow, ste do to
ato sontai at atw. ti d' e ka tra eh tw
cevw asyhsiw, ew peiron esin at tiw stai atw:
st' p tw prthw toto poihton. xei d' poran: e gr
t t cei asynesya stin rn, rtai d xrma t
xon, e ceta tiw t rn, ka xrma jei t rn pr-
ton. fanern tonun ti ox n t t cei asynesyai: ka
gr tan m rmen, t cei krnomen ka t sktow ka
t fw, ll' ox satvw. ti d ka t rn stin w
kexrvmtistai: t gr asyhtrion dektikn to asyhto neu
tw lhw kaston: di ka pelyntvn tn asyhtn neisin
asyseiw ka fantasai n tow asyhthroiw.
d to asyhto nrgeia ka tw asysevw at mn sti
ka ma, t d' enai o t at ataw: lgv d' oon cfow kat'
nrgeian ka ko kat' nrgeian: sti gr kon xonta
m koein, ka t xon cfon ok e cofe, tan d' nerg
t dunmenon koein ka cof t dunmenon cofen, tte
kat' nrgeian ko ma gnetai ka kat' nrgeian c-
fow, n epeien n tiw t mn enai kousin t d cfhsin.
e d stin knhsiw (ka pohsiw ka t pyos) n t kinou-
mn, ngkh ka tn cfon ka tn kon tn kat' nrgeian
n t kat dnamin enai: gr to poihtiko ka kinhti-
ko nrgeia n t psxonti ggnetai: di ok ngkh t
kinon kinesyai. mn on to cofhtiko nrgei sti
cfow cfhsiw, d to koustiko ko kousiw: dittn
gr ko, ka dittn cfow. d' atw lgow ka p tn
llvn asysevn ka asyhtn. sper gr ka pohsiw ka
pyhsiw n t psxonti ll' ok n t poionti, otv ka to
asyhto nrgeia ka to asyhtiko n t asyhtik. ll'
p' nvn mn nmastai, oon cfhsiw ka kousiw, p'
nvn d' nnumon yteron: rasiw gr lgetai tw cevw
nrgeia, d to xrmatow nnumow, ka gesiw to
geustiko, d to xumo nnumow. pe d ma mn stin
nrgeia to asyhto ka to asyhtiko, t d' enai
teron, ngkh ma fyeresyai ka szesyai tn otv lego-
mnhn kon ka cfon, ka xumn d ka gesin, ka t
lla movw: t d kat dnamin legmena ok ngkh:
ll' o prteron fusiolgoi toto o kalw legon, oyn
omenoi ote leukn ote mlan enai neu cevw, od xu-
mn neu gesevw. t mn gr legon ryw, t d' ok r-
yw: dixw gr legomnhw tw asysevw ka to asyhto,
tn mn kat dnamin tn d kat' nrgeian, p totvn
mn sumbanei t lexyn, p d tn trvn o sumbanei.
ll' kenoi plw legon per tn legomnvn ox plw.
e d' fvn sumfvna tw stin, d fvn ka
ko stin w n sti [ka stin w ox n t at], l-
gow d' sumfvna, ngkh ka tn kon lgon tin e-
nai. ka di toto ka fyerei kaston perbllon, ka t
j ka t bar, tn kon: movw d ka n xumow tn
gesin, ka n xrmasi tn cin t sfdra lamprn zo-
fern, ka n sfrsei sxur sm, ka glukea ka pikr,
w lgou tinw ntow tw asysevw. di ka da mn, tan
elikrin ka mikta nta ghtai ew tn lgon, oon t j
gluk lmurn, da gr tte: lvw d mllon t miktn,
sumfvna, t j bar, f d t yermantn cuktn:
d' asyhsiw lgow: perbllonta d lei fyerei.
ksth mn on asyhsiw to pokeimnou asyhto
stn, prxousa n t asyhthr asyhtrion, ka
krnei tw to pokeimnou asyhto diaforw, oon leu-
kn mn ka mlan ciw, gluk d ka pikrn gesiw:
movw d' xei toto ka p tn llvn. pe d ka t
leukn ka t gluk ka kaston tn asyhtn prw kaston
krnomen, tin ka asyanmeya ti diafrei. ngkh d a-
sysei: asyht gr stin. ka dlon ti srj ok sti
t sxaton asyhtrion: ngkh gr n n ptmenon at
krnein t krnon. ote d kexvrismnoiw ndxetai krnein ti
teron t gluk to leuko, ll de n tini mfv dla
enai otv mn gr kn e to mn g to d s asyoio,
dlon n eh ti tera lllvn, de d t n lgein ti
teron: teron gr t gluk to leuko: lgei ra t at:
ste w lgei, otv ka noe ka asynetai ti mn on ox
on te kexvrismnoiw krnein t kexvrismna, dlon: ti
d' od' n kexvrismn xrn, nteyen. sper gr t at
lgei ti teron t gayn ka t kakn, otv ka te y-
teron lgei ti teron ka yteron (o kat sumbebhkw t
te, lgv d', oon nn lgv ti teron, o mntoi ti nn -
teron, ll' otv lgei, ka nn ka ti nn): ma ra. ste
xriston ka n xvrst xrn. ll mn dnaton ma
tw nantaw kinseiw kinesyai t at diareton, ka n
diairt xrn. e gr gluk, d kine tn asyhsin
tn nhsin, t d pikrn nantvw, ka t leukn trvw.
r' on ma mn riym diareton ka xriston t
krnon, t enai d kexvrismnon; sti d [pvs] w t diaire-
tn tn dirhmnvn asynetai, sti d' w diareton: t
enai mn gr diairetn, tp d ka riym diareton.
ox on te; dunmei mn gr t at ka diareton tn-
anta, t d' enai o, ll t nergesyai diairetn, ka
ox on te ma leukn ka mlan enai, st' od t edh
psxein atn, e toioton asyhsiw ka nhsiw. ll'
sper n kalos tinew stigmn, ma ka do, tat ka diairet. mn on diareton, n t krnn sti
ka ma, d diairetn prxei, dw t at xrtai shme
ma: mn on dw xrtai t prati, do krnei ka kexvri-
smna, stin w kexvrismnvw: d n, n ka ma. per mn
on tw rxw famn t zon asyhtikn enai, di-
vrsyv tn trpon toton.
Epe d do diaforaw rzontai mlista tn cuxn,
kinsei te t kat tpon ka t noen ka fronen ka
asynesyai, doke d ka t noen ka t fronen sper
asynesya ti enai (n mfotroiw gr totoiw krnei ti
cux ka gnvrzei tn ntvn), ka o ge rxaoi t fro-
nen ka t asynesyai tatn ena fasin sper ka
Empedoklw erhke "prw paren gr mtiw jetai nyr-
poisin" ka n lloiw "yen sfsin ae ka t fronen
lloa parstatai", t d' at totoiw boletai ka t Om-
rou "toow gr now stn", pntew gr otoi t noen
svmatikn sper t asynesyai polambnousin, ka asy-
nesya te ka fronen t mo t moion, sper ka n tow
kat' rxw lgoiw divrsamen (katoi dei ma ka per
to patsyai atow lgein, okeiteron gr tow zoiw,
ka plev xrnon n tot diatele cux: di ngkh
toi, sper nioi lgousi, pnta t fainmena enai lhy,
tn to nomoou yjin pthn enai, toto gr nanton t
t moion t mo gnvrzein: doke d ka pth ka
pistmh tn nantvn at enai) ti mn on o tatn
sti t asynesyai ka t fronen, fanern: to mn
gr psi mtesti, to d lgoiw tn zvn. ll' od t
noen, n sti t ryw ka t m ryw, t mn ryw
frnhsiw ka pistmh ka dja lhyw, t d m ryw
tnanta totvn od tot sti tat t asynesyai:
mn gr asyhsiw tn dvn e lhyw, ka psin p-
rxei tow zoiw, dianoesyai d' ndxetai ka ceudw, ka
oden prxei m ka lgow: fantasa gr teron ka
asysevw ka dianoaw, ath te o ggnetai neu asy-
sevw, ka neu tathw ok stin plhciw. ti d' ok stin
at [nhsis] ka plhciw, fanern. toto mn gr t
pyow f' mn stin, tan boulmeya (pr mmtvn gr
sti ti poisasyai, sper o n tow mnhmonikow tiymenoi ka
edvlopoiontes), dojzein d' ok f' mn: ngkh gr
cedesyai lhyeein. ti d tan mn dojsvmen deinn
ti fobern, eyw sumpsxomen, movw d kn yarra-
lon: kat d tn fantasan satvw xomen sper n e
yemenoi n graf t dein yarrala. es d ka atw
tw polcevw diafora, pistmh ka dja ka frnhsiw ka
tnanta totvn, per n tw diaforw terow stv lgow.
per d to noen, pe teron to asynesyai,
totou d t mn fantasa doke enai t d plhciw,
per fantasaw diorsantaw otv per yatrou lekton.
e d stin fantasa kay' n lgomen fntasm ti
mn ggnesyai ka m e ti kat metaforn lgomen,
ma tiw sti totvn dnamiw jiw kay' w krnomen ka
lhyeomen ceudmeya; toiatai d' esn asyhsiw, dja,
pistmh, now. ti mn on ok stin asyhsiw, dlon k
tnde. asyhsiw mn gr toi dnamiw nrgeia, oon ciw
ka rasiw, fanetai d ti ka mhdetrou prxontow to-
tvn, oon t n tow pnoiw. eta asyhsiw mn e presti,
fantasa d' o. e d t nerge& t at, psin n n-
dxoito tow yhroiw fantasan prxein: doke d' o, oon
mrmhki meltt, sklhki d' o. eta a mn lhyew e,
a d fantasai gnontai a pleouw ceudew. peita od
lgomen, tan nergmen kribw per t asyhtn, ti
fanetai toto mn nyrvpow, ll mllon tan m n-
argw asyanmeya pteron lhyw ceudw. ka per d
lgomen prteron, fanetai ka mousin rmata. ll
mn od tn e lhyeuousn odema stai, oon pistmh
now: sti gr fantasa ka ceudw. lepetai ra den e
dja: gnetai gr dja ka lhyw ka ceudw, ll
dj mn petai pstiw (ok ndxetai gr dojzonta ow
doke m pisteein), tn d yhrvn oyen prxei pstiw,
fantasa d pollow. [ti ps mn dj kolouye pstiw,
pstei d t pepesyai, peiyo d lgow: tn d yhrvn
noiw fantasa mn prxei, lgow d' o.]
fanern tonun
ti od dja met' asysevw, od di' asysevw, od sum-
plok djhw ka asysevw, fantasa n eh, di te
tata ka diti ok llou tinw stai dja, ll'
kenou, eper stin, o ka asyhsiw: lgv d', k tw to
leuko djhw ka asysevw sumplok fantasa stai: o gr
d k tw djhw mn tw to gayo, asysevw d tw to
leuko. t on fanesyai stai t dojzein per asynetai,
m kat sumbebhkw. fanetai d ge ka ceud, per n
ma plhcin lhy xei, oon fanetai mn liow podi-
aow, pisteetai d' enai mezvn tw okoumnhw: sumbanei
on toi pobeblhknai tn auto lhy djan, n exe,
svzomnou to prgmatow, m pilaymenon mhd metapei-
synta, e ti xei, ngkh tn atn lhy enai ka
ceud. ~ll ceudw gneto te lyoi metapesn t pr-
gma~. ot' ra n ti totvn stn ot' k totvn fantasa.
ll' peid sti kinhyntow toud kinesyai teron p
totou, d fantasa knhsw tiw doke enai ka ok neu
asysevw gnesyai ll' asyanomnoiw ka n asyhsiw
stin, sti d gnesyai knhsin p tw nergeaw tw asy-
sevw, ka tathn moan ngkh enai t asysei, eh n
ath knhsiw ote neu asysevw ndexomnh ote m asya-
nomnoiw prxein, ka poll kat' atn ka poien
ka psxein t xon, ka enai ka lhy ka ceud. toto
d sumbanei di tde: asyhsiw tn mn dvn lhyw
stin ti lgiston xousa t cedow. deteron d to
sumbebhknai tata < sumbbhke tow asyhtos>:
ka ntaya dh ndxeta diace-
desyai: ti mn gr leukn, o cedetai, e d toto t leu-
kn llo ti, cedetai. trton d tn koinn ka pomnvn
tow sumbebhksin ow prxei t dia (lgv d' oon k-
nhsiw ka mgeyos) [ sumbbhke tow asyhtos]: per
mlista dh stin pathynai kat tn asyhsin. d k-
nhsiw p tw nergeaw tw asysevw ginomnh diosei,
p totvn tn trin asysevn, ka mn prth par-
oshw tw asysevw lhyw, a d' terai ka paroshw ka
poshw een n ceudew, ka mlista tan prrv t asyh-
tn . e on mhyn llo xei t erhmna fan-
tasa (toto d' st t lexyn), fantasa n eh knhsiw
p tw asysevw tw kat' nrgeian gignomnh. pe d'
ciw mlista asyhsw sti, ka t noma p to fouw e-
lhfen, ti neu fvtw ok stin den. ka di t mmnein
ka moaw enai taw asysesi, poll kat' atw prt-
tei t za, t mn di t m xein non, oon t yhra,
t d di t pikalptesyai tn non note pyei ns
pn, oon o nyrvpoi. per mn on fantasaw, t sti
ka di t stin, ersyv p tosoton.
Per d to morou to tw cuxw ginskei te
cux ka frone, ete xvristo ntow ete m xvristo
kat mgeyow ll kat lgon, skepton tn' xei dia-
forn, ka pw pot gnetai t noen. e d sti t noen
sper t asynesyai, psxein ti n eh p to nohto
ti toioton teron. payw ra de enai, dektikn d to e-
douw ka dunmei toioton ll m toto, ka movw xein,
sper t asyhtikn prw t asyht, otv tn non prw
t noht. ngkh ra, pe pnta noe, mig enai,
sper fhsn Anajagraw, na krat, toto d' stn na gnv-
rz (paremfainmenon gr kvlei t lltrion ka nti-
frttei): ste mhd' ato enai fsin mhdeman ll'
tathn, ti dunatw. ra kalomenow tw cuxw now
(lgv d non dianoetai ka polambnei cux)
oyn stin nerge& tn ntvn prn noen: di od memxyai
elogon atn t smati: poiw tiw gr n ggnoito, cu-
xrw yermw, kn rgann ti eh, sper t asyhtik:
nn d' oyn stin. ka e d o lgontew tn cuxn enai t-
pon edn, pln ti ote lh ll' nohtik, ote ntele-
xe& ll dunmei t edh. ti d' ox moa pyeia
to asyhtiko ka to nohtiko, fanern p tn asyhthrvn
ka tw asysevw. mn gr asyhsiw o dnatai asyne-
syai k to sfdra asyhto, oon cfou k tn meglvn
cfvn, od' k tn sxurn xrvmtvn ka smn ote
rn ote smsyai: ll' now tan ti nos sfdra noh-
tn, ox tton noe t podestera, ll ka mllon: t
mn gr asyhtikn ok neu smatow, d xvristw. tan
d' otvw kasta gnhtai w pistmvn lgetai kat' nr-
geian (toto d sumbanei tan dnhtai nergen di' ato),
sti mn ka tte dunmei pvw, o mn movw ka prn
mayen eren: ka atw di' ato tte dnatai noen.
pe d' llo st t mgeyow ka t megyei enai, ka
dvr ka dati enai (otv d ka f' trvn polln, ll'
ok p pntvn: p' nvn gr tatn sti), t sark enai
ka srka ll llvw xonti krnei: gr srj
ok neu tw lhw, ll' sper t simn, tde n tde. t
mn on asyhtik t yermn ka t cuxrn krnei, ka n
lgow tiw srj: ll d, toi xvrist w kekla-
smnh xei prw atn tan ktay, t sark enai kr-
nei. plin d' p tn n fairsei ntvn t ey w t
simn: met sunexow gr: t d t n enai, e stin teron
t eye enai ka t ey, llo: stv gr duw. tr
ra trvw xonti krnei. lvw ra w xvrist t
prgmata tw lhw, otv ka t per tn non.
porseie
d' n tiw, e now plon st ka payw ka mhyen
mhyn xei koinn, sper fhsn Anajagraw, pw nosei, e t
noen psxein t stin ( gr ti koinn mfon prxei, t
mn poien doke t d psxein), ti d' e nohtw ka atw;
gr tow lloiw now prjei, e m kat' llo atw
nohtw, n d ti t nohtn edei, memigmnon ti jei,
poie nohtn atn sper tlla. t mn psxein kat
koinn ti dirhtai prteron, ti dunmei pw sti t noht
now, ll' ntelexe& odn, prn n no: dunmei d' otvw
sper n grammate mhyn nuprxei ntelexe& gegram-
mnon: per sumbanei p to no. ka atw d nohtw stin
sper t noht. p mn gr tn neu lhw t at sti
t noon ka t noomenon: gr pistmh yevrhtik ka
t otvw pisthtn t at stin (to d m e noen t
ation piskepton): n d tow xousin lhn dunmei kaston
sti tn nohtn. st' kenoiw mn ox prjei now (neu
gr lhw dnamiw now tn toiotvn), ken d t noh-
tn prjei.
Epe d' [sper] n ps t fsei st [ti] t mn lh
kst gnei (toto d pnta dunmei kena), teron d
t ation ka poihtikn, t poien pnta, oon txnh
prw tn lhn pponyen, ngkh ka n t cux prxein
tataw tw diaforw: ka stin mn toiotow now t pnta
gnesyai, d t pnta poien, w jiw tiw, oon t fw:
trpon gr tina ka t fw poie t dunmei nta xr-
mata nerge& xrmata. ka otow now xvristw ka
payw ka migw, t os& n nrgeia: e gr timite-
ron t poion to psxontow ka rx tw lhw. [t d'
at stin kat' nrgeian pistmh t prgmati: d
kat dnamin xrn protra n t n, lvw d od xrn,
ll' ox t mn noe t d' o noe.] xvrisyew d' st mnon
toy' per st, ka toto mnon ynaton ka dion (o
mnhmoneomen d, ti toto mn payw, d payhtikw
now fyarts): ka neu totou oyn noe.
H mn on tn diairtvn nhsiw n totoiw per ok
sti t cedow, n ow d ka t cedow ka t lhyw sn-
yesw tiw dh nohmtvn sper n ntvn kayper Empedo-
klw fh " polln mn krsai naxenew blsthsan",
peita suntyesyai t fil&, otv ka tata kexvrismna
suntyetai, oon t smmetron ka dimetros n d geno-
mnvn somnvn, tn xrnon prosennon [ka] suntyhsi. t gr
cedow n sunysei e: ka gr n t leukn m leukn t m leukn sunyhken: ndxetai d ka diaresin
fnai pnta. ll' on sti ge o mnon t cedow lh-
yw ti leukw Klvn stn, ll ka ti n stai. t d n
poion kaston, toto now.
t d' diareton pe dixw, dunmei nerge&,
oyn kvlei noen t diareton, tan
no t mkow (diareton gr nerge&), ka n xrn di-
airt: movw gr xrnow diairetw ka diaretow t
mkei. okoun stin epen n t msei t nei katr:
o gr stin, n m diairey, ll' dunmei. xvrw d'
kteron non tn msevn diaire ka tn xrnon ma, tte
d' oone mkh: e d' w j mfon, ka n t xrn t
p' mfon. [t d m kat t posn diareton ll t e-
dei noe n diairt xrn ka diairt tw cuxw.]
kat sumbebhkw d, ka ox kena, diairet noe
ka n xrn, ll' diareta: nesti gr kn to-
toiw ti diareton, ll' svw o xvristn, poie na tn xr-
non ka t mkow. ka toy' movw n pant sti t sunexe,
ka xrn ka mkei.
tw cuxw.>
d stigm ka psa diaresiw, ka
t otvw diareton, dhlotai sper strhsiw. ka moiow
lgow p tn llvn, oon pw t kakn gnvrzei
t mlan: t nant gr pvw gnvrzei. de d dunmei
enai t gnvrzon ka ~nenai n at~. e d tini mhdn stin
nanton [tn atvn], at aut ginskei ka nrgei sti
ka xvristn. sti d' mn fsiw ti kat tinow, sper ka
pfasiw, ka lhyw ceudw psa: d now o pw,
ll' to t sti kat t t n enai lhyw, ka o t kat
tinow: ll' sper t rn ~to dou lhyw, e d' nyrvpow
t leukn~ m, ok lhyw e, otvw xei sa neu lhw.
T d' at stin kat' nrgeian pistmh t pr-
gmati. d kat dnamin xrn protra n t n, lvw
d od xrn: sti gr j ntelexe& ntow pnta t gi-
gnmena. fanetai d t mn asyhtn k dunmei ntow to
asyhtiko nerge& poion: o gr psxei od' lloiotai.
di llo edow toto kinsevw: gr knhsiw to telow
nrgeia, d' plw nrgeia tra, to tetelesmnou.
t mn on asynesyai moion t fnai mnon ka noen:
tan d d luphrn, oon katafsa pofsa dikei
fegei: ka sti t desyai ka lupesyai t nergen
t asyhtik mesthti prw t gayn kakn, toiata.
ka fug d ka rejiw tat, kat' nrgeian, ka
ox teron t rektikn ka t feuktikn, ot' lllvn ote
to asyhtiko: ll t enai llo. t d dianohtik cux
t fantsmata oon asymata prxei, tan d gayn
kakn fs pofs, fegei dikei: di odpote
noe neu fantsmatow cux. sper d r tn k-
rhn toiand pohsen, ath d' teron, ka ko w-
atvw, t d sxaton n, ka ma <> mesthw, t d' enai at
plev ...
tni d' pikrnei t diafrei gluk ka yermn,
erhtai mn ka prteron, lekton d ka de. sti gr n
ti, otv d w row, ka tata, n t nlogon ka t
riym nta, xei prw kteron w kena prw
llhla: t gr diafrei t poren pw t m mogen krnei
t nanta, oon leukn ka mlan; stv d w t A t
leukn prw t B t mlan, t G prw t D [w kena
prw llhla]: ste ka nallj. e d t GA n eh
prxonta, otvw jei, sper ka t DB, t at mn
ka n, t d' enai o t at kkena movw. d' atw
lgow ka e t mn A t gluk eh, t d B t leukn.
t mn on edh t nohtikn n tow fantsmasi noe,
ka w n kenoiw ristai at t divktn ka feuktn,
ka ktw tw asysevw, tan p tn fantasmtvn ,
kinetai: oon, asyanmenow tn fruktn ti pr, t koin
rn kinomenon gnvrzei ti polmiow: t d tow n t
cux fantsmasin nomasin, sper rn, logzetai ka
bouleetai t mllonta prw t parnta: ka tan ep
w ke t d luphrn, ntaya fegei dikei
ka lvw n prjei. ka t neu d prjevw, t lhyw
ka t cedow, n t at gnei st t gay ka t kak:
ll t ge plw diafrei ka tin. t d n fairsei
legmena sper, e t simn mn simn
o, kexvrismnvw d kolon [e tis] nei [nerge&], neu
tw sarkw n nei n t kolon otv t mayhmatik,
o kexvrismna , w kexvrismna noe, tan no <>
kena. lvw d now stin, kat' nrgeian, t prgmata. ra
d' ndxetai tn kexvrismnvn ti noen nta atn m kexvrismnon
megyouw, o, skepton steron.
Nn d, per cuxw t lexynta sugkefalaisantew,
epvmen plin ti cux t nta pw sti pnta:
gr asyht t nta noht, sti d' pistmh mn
t pistht pvw, d' asyhsiw t asyht: pw d toto,
de zhten. tmnetai on pistmh ka asyhsiw ew t
prgmata, mn dunmei ew t dunmei, d' ntele-
xe& ew t ntelexe&: tw d cuxw t asyhtikn ka t
pisthmonikn dunmei tat sti, t mn pisthtn t
d asyhtn. ngkh d' at t edh enai. at
mn d o: o gr lyow n t cux, ll t e-
dow: ste cux sper xer stin: ka gr xer
rgann stin rgnvn, ka now edow edn ka a-
syhsiw edow asyhtn. pe d od prgma oyn sti
par t megyh, w doke, t asyht kexvrismnon, n
tow edesi tow asyhtow t noht sti, t te n f-
airsei legmena ka sa tn asyhtn jeiw ka pyh.
ka di toto ote m asyanmenow mhyn oyn n myoi
od juneh, tan te yevr, ngkh ma fntasm ti
yevren: t gr fantsmata sper asymat sti,
pln neu lhw. sti d' fantasa teron fsevw ka
pofsevw: sumplok gr nohmtvn st t lhyw
cedow. t d prta nomata t diosei to m fan-
tsmata enai; od tata fantsmata, ll' ok neu
fantasmtvn.
Epe d cux kat do ristai dunmeiw tn
zvn, t te kritik, dianoaw rgon st ka asysevw,
ka ti t kinen tn kat tpon knhsin, per mn asy-
sevw ka no divrsyv tosata, per d to kinontow,
t pot sti tw cuxw, skepton, pteron n ti mrion
atw xvristn n megyei lg, psa cux,
ka e mrin ti, pteron din ti par t evyta lge-
syai ka t erhmna, totvn n ti. xei d poran
eyw pw te de mria lgein tw cuxw ka psa.
trpon gr tina peira fanetai, ka o mnon tinew
lgousi diorzontew, logistikn ka yumikn ka piyumhti-
kn, o d t lgon xon ka t logon: kat gr tw
diaforw di' w tata xvrzousi, ka lla fanetai
mria mezv distasin xonta totvn, per n ka nn e-
rhtai, t te yreptikn, ka tow futow prxei ka
psi tow zoiw, ka t asyhtikn, ote w logon ote
w lgon xon yeh n tiw =&dvw: ti d t fantastikn,
t mn enai pntvn teron, tni d totvn tatn -
teron xei polln poran, e tiw ysei kexvrismna mria
tw cuxw: prw d totoiw t rektikn, ka lg
ka dunmei teron n djeien enai pntvn. ka topon d
t toto diaspn: n te t logistik gr bolhsiw gnetai,
ka n t lg piyuma ka yumw: e d tra
cux, n kst stai rejiw. ka d ka per o nn
lgow nsthke, t t kinon kat tpon t zn stin; tn
mn gr kat' ajhsin ka fysin knhsin, pasin prxousan,
t psin prxon djeien n kinen, t gennhtikn ka yre-
ptikn: per d napnow ka kpnow, ka pnou ka
grhgrsevw, steron piskepton: xei gr ka tata pol-
ln poran. ll per tw kat tpon kinsevw, t t
kinon t zon tn poreutikn knhsin, skepton. ti mn on
ox yreptik dnamiw, dlon: e te gr nek tou knhsiw
ath, ka met fantasaw ka rjew stin: oyn gr
m regmenon fegon kinetai ll' b&: ti kn t
fut kinhtik n, kn ex ti mrion rganikn prw tn
knhsin tathn. movw d od t asyhtikn: poll gr
sti tn zvn asyhsin mn xei, mnima d' st ka k-
nhta di tlouw. e on fsiw mte poie mthn mhyn
mte polepei ti tn nagkavn, pln n tow phrmasi
ka n tow telsin, t d toiata tn zvn tleia ka
o phrmat stin (shmeon d' ti st gennhtik ka kmn
xei ka fysin) st' exen n ka t rganik mrh tw
poreaw. ll mn od t logistikn ka kalomenow now
stin kinn: mn gr yevrhtikw oyn yevre praktn, od
lgei per feukto ka divkto oyn, e d knhsiw fegon-
tw ti dikontw t stin. ll' od' tan yevr ti toioton,
dh keleei fegein dikein, oon pollkiw dianoetai
fobern ti d, o keleei d fobesyai, d karda
kinetai, n d' d, tern ti mrion. ti ka pitttontow
to no ka legoshw tw dianoaw fegein ti dikein o ki-
netai, ll kat tn piyuman prttei, oon kratw.
ka lvw d rmen ti xvn tn atrikn ok ލtai, w
trou tinw kurou ntow to poien kat tn pistmhn, ll'
o tw pistmhw. ll mn od' rejiw tathw kura tw
kinsevw: o gr gkratew regmenoi ka piyumontew o
prttousin n xousi tn rejin, ll' kolouyosi t n.
Fanetai d ge do tata kinonta, rejiw now, e
tiw tn fantasan tiyeh w nhsn tina: pollo gr par
tn pistmhn kolouyosi taw fantasaiw, ka n tow l-
loiw zoiw o nhsiw od logismw stin, ll fantasa.
mfv ra tata kinhtik kat tpon, now ka rejiw,
now d nek tou logizmenow ka praktikw: diafrei
d to yevrhtiko t tlei. ka rejiw nek tou psa: o
gr rejiw, ath rx to praktiko no, t d' sxaton
rx tw prjevw. ste elgvw do tata fanetai t
kinonta, rejiw ka dinoia praktik: t rektn gr ki-
ne, ka di toto dinoia kine, ti rx atw sti t
rektn. ka fantasa d tan kin, o kine neu r-
jevw. n d ti t kinon, t rektikn. e gr do, now ka
rejiw, knoun, kat koinn n ti knoun edow: nn d mn
now o fanetai kinn neu rjevw ( gr bolhsiw rejiw,
tan d kat tn logismn kintai, ka kat bolhsin ki-
netai), d' rejiw kine ka par tn logismn: gr pi-
yuma rejw tw stin. now mn on pw ryw stin: rejiw
d ka fantasa ka ry ka ok ry. di e kine mn
t rektn, ll tot' stn t gayn t fainmenon
gayn: o pn d, ll t praktn gayn. praktn d'
st t ndexmenon ka llvw xein.
ti mn on toiath dnamiw kine tw cuxw, kaloumnh
rejiw, fanern. tow d diairosi t mrh tw cuxw, n kat
tw dunmeiw diairsi ka xvrzvsi, pmpolla gnetai, yrepti-
kn, asyhtikn, nohtikn, bouleutikn, ti rektikn: tata
gr plon diafrei lllvn piyumhtikn ka yumikn.
pe d' rjeiw gnontai nantai lllaiw, toto d sum-
banei tan lgow ka a piyumai nantai si, gnetai
d' n tow xrnou asyhsin xousin ( mn gr now di t
mllon nylkein keleei, d' piyuma di t dh: fa-
netai gr t dh d ka plw d ka gayn plw,
di t m rn t mllon), edei mn n n eh t kinon, t
rektikn, rektikn prton d pntvn t rektn: toto
gr kine o kinomenon, t nohynai fantasynai riym
d plev t kinonta. pe d' sti tra, n mn t kinon,
deteron d' kine, ti trton t kinomenon, t d kinon dittn,
t mn knhton, t d kinon ka kinomenon, sti d t mn
knhton t praktn gayn, t d kinon ka kinomenon t
rektikn (kinetai gr t kinomenon rgetai, ka
rejiw knhsw tw stin, nerge&), t d kinomenon t zon:
d kine rgn rejiw, dh toto svmatikn stin di
n tow koinow smatow ka cuxw rgoiw yevrhton per
ato. nn d w n kefala epen, t kinon rganikw
pou rx ka teleut t at oon gigglumw: n-
taya gr t kurtn ka t kolon t mn teleut t d'
rx (di t mn reme t d kinetai), lg mn tera
nta, megyei d' xrista. pnta gr sei ka ljei ki-
netai: di de, sper n kkl, mnein ti, ka nteyen r-
xesyai tn knhsin. lvw mn on, sper erhtai, rektikn
t zon, tat ato kinhtikn: rektikn d ok neu fan-
tasaw: fantasa d psa logistik asyhtik. ta-
thw mn on ka t lla za metxei.
Skepton d ka per tn teln t t kinon stin,
ow f mnon prxei asyhsiw, pteron ndxetai fan-
tasan prxein totoiw, o, ka piyuman. fanetai gr
lph ka don nosa, e d tata, ka piyuman ngkh.
fantasa d pw n neh; sper ka kinetai orstvw,
ka tat' nesti mn, orstvw d' nestin. mn on asyhtik
fantasa, sper erhtai, ka n tow lloiw zoiw pr-
xei, d bouleutik n tow logistikow (pteron gr pr-
jei tde tde, logismo dh stn rgon: ka ngkh n
metren: t mezon gr dikei: ste dnatai n k pleinvn
fantasmtvn poien). ka ation toto to djan m doken
xein, ti tn k sullogismo ok xei, ath d kine: di t
bouleutikn ok xei rejiw: nik d' note ka kine t mn
ath kenhn, t d' kenh tathn, sper sfara ,
rejiw tn rejin, tan krasa gnhtai: fsei d e
nv rxikvtra ka kine: ste trew forw dh kinesyai.
t d' pisthmonikn o kinetai, ll mnei. pe d' mn
kaylou plhciw ka lgow, d to kay' kaston ( mn
gr lgei ti de tn toioton t toinde prttein, d ti
tde toinde, kg d toisde), d ath kine
dja, ox kaylou, mfv, ll' mn remosa ml-
lon, d' o.
Tn mn on yreptikn cuxn ngkh pn xein ti
per n z ka cuxn x, p gensevw ka mxri fyorw:
ngkh gr t genmenon ajhsin xein ka kmn ka
fysin, tata d' neu trofw dnaton: ngkh ra nenai
tn yreptikn dnamin n psi tow fuomnoiw ka fynousin:
asyhsin d' ok nagkaon n pasi tow zsin: ote gr
svn t sma plon ndxetai atn xein, [ote neu
tathw on te oyn enai zon] ote sa m dektik tn
edn neu tw lhw. t d zon nagkaon asyhsin xein,
e mhyn mthn poie fsiw. nek tou gr pnta p-
rxei t fsei, sumptmata stai tn nek tou. e on
pn sma poreutikn, m xon asyhsin, fyeroito n ka
ew tlow ok n lyoi, sti fsevw rgon (pw gr yr-
cetai; tow mn gr monmoiw prxei toto yen pefkasin,
ox on te d sma xein mn cuxn ka non kritikn, a-
syhsin d m xein, m mnimon n, genhtn d ll mn
od gnhton: di t gr ox jei; gr t cux bltion
t smati, nn d' odteron: mn gr o mllon nosei,
t d' oyn stai mllon di' keno) oyn ra xei cuxn
sma m mnimon neu asysevw.
ll mn ege asyhsin xei, ngkh t sma enai plon
miktn. ox on te d plon: fn gr ox jei, sti d
ngkh tathn xein. toto d k tnde dlon. pe gr t
zon sma mcuxn sti, sma d pan ptn, [ptn d
t asyhtn f,] ngkh [ka] t to zou sma ptikn
enai, e mllei szesyai t zon. a gr llai asy-
seiw di' trvn asynontai, oon sfrhsiw ciw ko:
ptmenon d, e m jei asyhsin, o dunsetai t mn
fegein t d laben. e d toto, dnaton stai sze-
syai t zon. di ka gesw stin sper f tiw: tro-
fw gr stin, d trof t sma ptn. cfow d
ka xrma ka sm o trfei, od poie ot' ajhsin ote
fysin: ste ka tn gesin ngkh fn ena tina, di
t to pto ka yreptiko asyhsin enai: atai mn on
nagkaai t z, ka fanern ti ox on te neu
fw enai zon, a d llai to te e neka ka gnei
zvn dh o t tuxnti: ll tisn, oon t poreutik,
ngkh prxein: e gr mllei szesyai, o mnon de
ptmenon asynesyai ll ka poyen. toto d' n eh,
e di to metaj asyhtikn eh t keno mn p to
asyhto psxein ka kinesyai, at d' p' kenou. sper
gr t kinon kat tpon mxri tou metabllein poie,
ka t san teron poie ste yen, ka sti di msou
knhsiw, ka t mn prton kinon ye ok yomenon,
t d' sxaton mnon yetai ok san, t d mson mfv,
poll d t msa, otv ka p' lloisevw, pln ti mnontow
n t at tp lloio, oon e ew khrn bcei tiw,
mxri totou kinyh, vw bacen: lyow d odn, ll'
dvr mxri prrv: d' r p pleston kinetai ka
poie ka psxei, n mn ka ew . di ka per na-
klsevw bltion tn cin jiosan naklsyai tn ra
psxein p to sxmatow ka xrmatow, mxri per o
n ew. p d to leou stn ew: di plin otow tn cin
kine, sper n e t n t khr shmeon dieddoto mxri
to pratow.
Oti d' ox on te plon enai t to zou sma,
fanern, lgv d' oon prinon rinon. neu mn gr
fw odeman ndxetai llhn asyhsin xein (t gr
sma ptikn t mcuxon pn, sper erhtai): t d
lla jv gw asyhtria mn n gnoito, pnta d t
di' trou asynesyai poie tn asyhsin, ka di tn meta-
j, d' f t atn ptesya stin, di ka tonoma
toto xei. katoi ka t lla asyhtria f asynetai,
ll di' trou: ath d doke mnh di' atw. ste tn
mn toiotvn stoixevn oyn n eh sma to zou. od
d gnon. pntvn gr f tn ptn stn sper mes-
thw, ka dektikn t asyhtrion o mnon sai diafora
gw esn, ll ka yermo ka cuxro ka tn llvn
ptn pntvn. ka di toto tow stow ka taw yrij
ka tow toiotoiw moroiw ok asyanmeya, ti gw stin,
ka t fut di toto odeman xei asyhsin, ti gw stin:
neu d fw odeman on te llhn prxein, toto d t asyh-
trion ok stin ote gw ote llou tn stoixevn odenw.
fanern tonun ti ngkh mnhw tathw steriskmena
tw asysevw t za poynskein: ote gr tathn
xein on te m zon n, ote zon n llhn xein
ngkh pln tathn. ka di toto t mn lla asyht
taw perbolaw o diafyerei t zon, oon xrma
ka cfow ka sm, ll mnon t asyhtria (n m
kat sumbebhkw, oon n ma t cf siw gnhtai
ka plhg), ka p ramtvn ka smw tera kinetai,
t f fyerei (ka xumw d ma sumbanei
ptikn enai, tat fyerei), d tn ptn perbol,
oon yermn ka cuxrn ka sklhrn, naire t zon:
pantw mn gr perbol asyhto naire t asyhtrion,
ste ka t ptn tn fn, tat d ristai t zon:
neu gr fw ddeiktai ti dnaton enai zon. di
tn ptn perbol o mnon t asyhtrion fyerei, ll
ka t zon, ti ngkh mnhn xein tathn. tw d' l-
law asyseiw xei t zon, sper erhtai, o to enai
neka ll to e, oon cin, pe n ri ka dati,
pvw r, lvw d' pe n diafane, gesin d di t
d ka luphrn, na asynhtai t n trof ka piyum
ka kintai, kon d pvw shmanhta ti at [glttan
d pvw shman ti tr].
De Anima II
Copyright 2002 Giovanni Ferrero